In a life-cycle energy comparison, which statement is true?

• A. Fossil fuels involve extraction, emissions, and wastes; solar PV entails manufacturing and land use with low ongoing emissions; overall solar often lower lifecycle impacts.
• B. Solar PV has higher emissions during operation than fossil fuels.
• C. Fossil fuels generate no waste.
• D. Solar PV has higher lifecycle impacts in every scenario.

Answer: (A)